Key Definitions

Macro Tower: Macro towers are the traditional large cell towers used for wireless communication. They are usually taller structures, ranging from tens to hundreds of feet in height.

Notice of Deficiency: A formal notification issued by a reviewing authority, such as a local planning or zoning board, indicating that the application submitted by the telecommunications company is incomplete or does not meet certain requirements. 

Shot Clock: The term "shot clock" refers to a time limit set by the FCC for local governments to review and make a decision on applications to build wireless communications facilities, such as cell towers.

Significant Gap in Coverage: A "significant gap" in coverage is generally understood to exist if a wireless service provider can demonstrate areas where its customers are unable to receive reliable service due to insufficient coverage. A United States District Court in the 2nd Circuit provided the following definition in New York SMSA Limited Partnership v. Town of Oyster Bay Zoning Board of Appeals, 2010 WL 3937277:

"A coverage gap exists when a remote user of those services is unable to either connect with the land-based national telephone network, or to maintain a connection capable of supporting a reasonably uninterrupted communication. When a coverage gap exists customers cannot receiv[ e] and send [ ] signals, and when customers pass through a coverage gap their calls are disconnected.”

Small Cell: Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes typically under 50 feet in height that are deployed in densely populated urban areas to enhance wireless network coverage and capacity. They are smaller in size than macro towers and have lower power output.

Tolling Agreement: A legal agreement between the telecommunications company and the reviewing authority to extend or pause the statutory time limits that the authority has to make a decision on the application. A tolling agreement effectively pauses or extends the shot clock. This could happen if more time is needed for the local authority to review additional information, consider public input, conduct further studies, or allow the applicant to address deficiencies in their application.

Wireless Ordinance: A set of regulations and guidelines established by a municipal or local government to manage the placement, construction, and modification of wireless communication facilities, such as cell towers and antennas, within its jurisdiction. The ordinance typically includes provisions related to the location, height, appearance, and permitting process for such facilities, and may also address issues like public notice, community input, and the potential health impacts of electromagnetic radiation.